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理解文章的總體結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文之間的關(guān)系旨在考查文中某一句話的內(nèi)涵。因此在解題時(shí)，考生要牢牢抓住這句話本身，弄清楚它的每個(gè)單詞、每個(gè)表達(dá)及整個(gè)句子所傳遞的信息，可以借助周邊的句子來(lái)幫助理解，但不要跑得太遠(yuǎn)。
理解文章的總體結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文之間的關(guān)系要求考生做到：第一步，理清“文章思路”，即指考生首先應(yīng)對(duì)文章總體的思路和結(jié)構(gòu)有一個(gè)大概的了解，先不要急于去讀題目，而是應(yīng)當(dāng)將文章從頭到尾看一遍，弄清楚文章的中心意思，這一遍閱讀的目的并不是要立即找到答題所需要的信息點(diǎn)。在閱讀的時(shí)候還要有主次之分，文章的第一段是文章的靈魂和核心，也應(yīng)當(dāng)是第一遍閱讀的重點(diǎn)所在?？忌M量將第一段的每一句話都理解透徹，因?yàn)檎莆樟说谝欢?，就已?jīng)基本了解掌握了整篇文章的內(nèi)容，至于其他的段落可以加快速度，看得懂就看，看不懂就暫時(shí)跳過(guò)去，在不懂的地方做出記號(hào)，留待以后解決。讀完文章并理清思路后就可以接著閱讀試題，命題專家在設(shè)計(jì)考卷時(shí)，題目排列的次序與文章的布局基本是相吻合的，也就是說(shuō)題目所需要的信息點(diǎn)在文章中應(yīng)當(dāng)是按順序出現(xiàn)的，這一點(diǎn)對(duì)于基礎(chǔ)差的考生相當(dāng)重要，因?yàn)榭忌耆梢愿鶕?jù)每篇文章題目的題干來(lái)推測(cè)文章大致的內(nèi)容和思路。
第二步，注重了解句與句、段與段之間的關(guān)系，特別是文章中的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，學(xué)會(huì)利用上下文進(jìn)行必要的判斷、推理和引申。只有掌握句段之間的關(guān)系，才能摸清作者深層思路上的邏輯關(guān)系。從句子與句子，段落與段落之間的過(guò)渡可以讀出作者整個(gè)的思路及論證過(guò)程，才能做出正確的推理、判斷或引申。
【舉例說(shuō)明】針對(duì)此題型，我們建議考生把握這樣幾個(gè)原則：
一、首段原則，首段原則應(yīng)用于根據(jù)首段內(nèi)容所設(shè)置的題目，它包括兩種形式：首句原則和末句原則。
1.首句原則
回顧近幾年的考研閱讀題，細(xì)心的考生會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)歷年考研試卷中都有題目針對(duì)首段第一句話設(shè)問(wèn)，為什么會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種情況?原因很簡(jiǎn)單，考研閱讀所選的文章均是議論文和說(shuō)明文，此類文章的文體要求在首段提出觀點(diǎn)、突出中心，因此第一段就好像全篇文章的一個(gè)總綱，確定了文章的主要內(nèi)容，而第一句話常常是一個(gè)自然段的主題句，首段首句自然就成為?？记冶乜嫉囊粋€(gè)考點(diǎn)。例如2003年第56題：
It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans’ life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death—and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.
What is implied in the first sentence?
[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people.
[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.
[C] Americans are over_confident of their medical technology.
[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.
通過(guò)對(duì)首句的理解，我們得出該題的正確答案為C。
2.末句原則，有時(shí)一個(gè)自然段的主題句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段末，因此考點(diǎn)也相應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)向末句。例如1997年第59題：
Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
“Substance abuse” is preferable to “drug abuse” in that.
[A] substance can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used
[B] “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number or drug takers
[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine
[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous
考生對(duì)末句稍加深入理解即可得知D為正確答案。
二、段落原則。段落推斷原則考查考生對(duì)段落內(nèi)容的理解，分為兩類題型：段落首句推斷和段落中句子推斷。針對(duì)這兩種具體題型的原則為：先看首句，如與選項(xiàng)符合即可選擇，不必再浪費(fèi)時(shí)間看完整個(gè)段落，如首句不能與選項(xiàng)吻合時(shí)再將整個(gè)段落讀完以尋找符合的選項(xiàng)。
1. 段落首句推斷
例如2003年第44題：
Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster’s dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, we'll suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine,” says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And we'll hear back from some of them.” Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That’s where Straitford earns its keep.
It can be learned from paragraph 4 that.
[A] Straitford’s prediction about Ukraine has proved true
[B] Straitford’s guarantees the truthfulness of its information
[C] Straitford’s business is characterized by unpredictability
[D] Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information
首句推斷D為正確答案。
2.段落中句子推斷
例如1999年第58題：
But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.
We learn from the last paragraph that .
[A]pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce
[B]interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers
[C]leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago
[D]setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing powe
考生是否看出B為正確答案?
三、轉(zhuǎn)折/對(duì)比原則
議論文和說(shuō)明勤思強(qiáng)調(diào)邏輯的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性，而轉(zhuǎn)折和對(duì)比常常可以用來(lái)測(cè)試考生在這一方面的閱讀理解能力，所以考生對(duì)文中的轉(zhuǎn)折和對(duì)比關(guān)系應(yīng)高度重視，只要看到標(biāo)明轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ鹊年P(guān)系詞如but, however等，就應(yīng)當(dāng)立即在原文上進(jìn)行標(biāo)記。一般說(shuō)來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)折后的內(nèi)容多與上文所表達(dá)的意思相反，而對(duì)比往往是強(qiáng)調(diào)其中的一方。
1.首段的轉(zhuǎn)折/對(duì)比
只要首段中出現(xiàn)一對(duì)處于對(duì)比狀況的概念，命題專家通常都會(huì)就此設(shè)置考題，考生應(yīng)掌握這一規(guī)律，在看到文章首段出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比的內(nèi)容時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)立即集中注意力，同時(shí)還要明白，第一段出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)折后所表述的一定是文章的中心議題，而在首段出現(xiàn)的對(duì)照或?qū)Ρ鹊膬?nèi)容將在下文中進(jìn)行具體的議論，并在文章最后得出結(jié)論。例如1998年第51題：
Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is human kind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.
The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that .(轉(zhuǎn)折)
[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality
[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted
[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things
[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight
依據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系推出C為正確答案。
2. 文中的轉(zhuǎn)折
例如1996年第55題：
It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years—yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt.
The world famous BBC now faces.
[A] the problem of new coverage
[B] an uncertain prospect
[C] inquiries by the general public
[D] shrinkage of audience
推理同上題，B為正確答案
四、復(fù)指原則
在歷年的考題中，應(yīng)用復(fù)指原則設(shè)問(wèn)的題目較多，復(fù)指分為前指(anaphora)和后指(cataphora)。此類題目的考點(diǎn)是復(fù)指代詞或與復(fù)指副詞作用相同的詞。1994年、1995年時(shí)此類題目大多是直接問(wèn)考生文章某句中的“it”或“that”等代詞指代什么。近幾年此類題目的問(wèn)法開始轉(zhuǎn)向隱蔽，但無(wú)論題目用何種方式設(shè)問(wèn)，考生都應(yīng)當(dāng)記住，此類題目的答案的位置必定在復(fù)指詞的上文中。因此，此類題目的解答只需返回原文，在復(fù)指詞上方掃描即可找到正確答案。如果按閱讀習(xí)慣接著讀下面的句子或段落，無(wú)論看多少遍也找不到答案。
例如1997年第57題：
For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.
Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers.
[A] to improve their hard life
[B] in view of their long-distance travel
[C] to add some flavor to their own daily life
[D] out of a charitable impulse
根據(jù)上述原則可推出C為正確答案。
五、類比原則
議論文和說(shuō)明文在論證說(shuō)明事理的時(shí)候均很抽象，為了讓考生更形象地理解一些抽象的內(nèi)容，文章常會(huì)采用類比的手法。形象的類比不僅有助于將抽象的道理闡釋清楚，更可以讓讀者加深印象。類比在文中有兩種體現(xiàn)方式，一是明喻，即A像B一樣;二是暗喻，說(shuō)A是B，由于暗喻更加隱蔽，近年來(lái)命題專家也越來(lái)越趨向于在暗喻內(nèi)容上設(shè)問(wèn)。
例如1996年第65題：
The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.
A technologist can be compared to an artist because. (明喻)
[A] they are both winners of awards
[B] they are both experts in spatial thinking
[C] they both abandon verbal deion
[D] they both use various instruments
考生可否推出B為正確答案?
六、例證原則
讓事實(shí)說(shuō)話往往是最有效的論證方式之一，命題專家在設(shè)置題目時(shí)往往也會(huì)針對(duì)文中的事例設(shè)問(wèn)，考查考生對(duì)局部結(jié)構(gòu)的理解。例證題1994年第一次出現(xiàn)在考研試卷上，共兩道題，占4分。但在1995年至1998年間，沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)過(guò)一道例證題，1999年再次出現(xiàn)，一樣是兩道題，占4分。之后，幾乎每年的考題都有一至兩道例證題，這就說(shuō)明考研命題的一大特點(diǎn)，命題規(guī)則總是不斷重復(fù)的?？忌鷤?cè)趹?yīng)用例證原則解題時(shí)還應(yīng)注意常用的例證方式有兩種：一是先提出觀點(diǎn)，后舉例說(shuō)明;二是先列舉事例再做出結(jié)論?？忌鷳?yīng)當(dāng)學(xué)會(huì)舉一反三，不要被各種原則的變化形式所迷惑。
例如1999年第53題：
Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete’s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute—a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight—issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,” says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.
The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that .
[A]some injury claims were no longer supported by law
[B]helmets were not designed to prevent injuries
[C]product labels would eventually be discarded
[D]some sports games might lose popularity with athletes
根據(jù)文中事實(shí)可知A為正確答案。
【學(xué)習(xí)指導(dǎo)】
理解文章的總體結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文之間的關(guān)系旨在考查文中某一句話的內(nèi)涵。因此在解題時(shí)，考生要牢牢抓住這句話本身，弄清楚它的每個(gè)單詞、每個(gè)表達(dá)及整個(gè)句子所傳遞的信息，可以借助周邊的句子來(lái)幫助理解，但不要跑得太遠(yuǎn)。
對(duì)大部分考來(lái)說(shuō)，欠缺的不是泛讀，而是精讀?？偟膩?lái)說(shuō)，考生們?cè)诰x文章的時(shí)候要對(duì)文章和考點(diǎn)、干擾項(xiàng)等進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的分析、總結(jié)。 這時(shí)要仔細(xì)體會(huì)文章中精彩的語(yǔ)言，注意詞語(yǔ)的內(nèi)涵、使用、擴(kuò)展和搭配，代詞和名詞的指代，對(duì)精彩句型的模仿，以及對(duì)重要語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象、長(zhǎng)句、難句、文章結(jié)構(gòu)的分析。另外，還要注意分析句子和句子之間的關(guān)系，是因果、遞近、轉(zhuǎn)折還是什么?尤其要注意文章的第一句和最后一句，以及每段的第一句和最后一句與其它句子的關(guān)系，體會(huì)每句話在文章中的作用。在閱讀過(guò)程中，要培養(yǎng)自己對(duì)文章主要討論對(duì)象、關(guān)鍵詞，作者和專家的觀點(diǎn)，以及語(yǔ)氣的把握。特別注意作者和專家的觀點(diǎn)，專家和專家之間的觀點(diǎn)是否相同或相反或互補(bǔ)，以及作者和專家的語(yǔ)氣是贊成還是反對(duì)，是關(guān)注還是樂(lè)觀等等。如果是真題，還要仔細(xì)分析考點(diǎn)和正確、干擾選項(xiàng)的規(guī)律、特征。在此過(guò)程中，可把文章盡可能的多讀幾遍，甚至翻譯一下，提高對(duì)文章中單詞、短語(yǔ)、句型等的反應(yīng)速度，閱讀速度自然也就提高了。
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